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Machine learning (ML) algorithms have advanced significantly in recent years, progressively evolving into artificial intelligence (AI) agents capable of solving complex, human-like intellectual challenges. Despite the advancements, the interpretability of these sophisticated models lags behind, with many ML architectures remaining black boxes that are too intricate and expansive for human interpretation. Recognizing this issue, there has been a revived interest in the field of explainable AI (XAI) aimed at explaining these opaque ML models. However, XAI tools often suffer from being tightly coupled with the underlying ML models and are inefficient due to redundant computations. We introduce provenance-enabled explainable AI (PXAI). PXAI decouples XAI computation from ML models through a provenance graph that tracks the creation and transformation of all data within the model. PXAI improves XAI computational efficiency by excluding irrelevant and insignificant variables and computation in the provenance graph. Through various case studies, we demonstrate how PXAI enhances computational efficiency when interpreting complex ML models, confirming its potential as a valuable tool in the field of XAI. 

Despite the emergence of probabilistic logic programming (PLP) languages for data driven applications, there are currently no debugging tools based on provenance for PLP programs. In this paper, we propose a novel provenance model and system, called P3 (Provenance for Probabilistic logic Programs) for analyzing PLP programs. P3 enables four types of provenance queries: traditional explanation queries, queries for finding the set of most important derivations within an approximate error, top-K most influential queries, and modification queries that enable us to modify tuple probabilities with fewest modifications to program or input data. We apply these queries into real-world scenarios and present theoretical analysis and practical algorithms for such queries. We have developed a prototype of P3, and our evaluation on real-world data demonstrates that the system can support a wide-range of provenance queries with explainable results. Moreover, the system maintains provenance and execute queries efficiently with low overhead.